苯基吡唑类化合物的合成、杀虫活性及对蜜蜂的毒性

【目的】以氟虫腈结构为骨架,寻找具有杀虫活性和对环境友好型的苯基吡唑类化合物。【方法】以不同取代基的苯胺为原料,经2步法合成含有不同取代基的苯基吡唑类化合物1～21;产物结构经1H NMR、13C NMR和ESI-MS分析确定;采用浸液法测定目标产物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella的生物活性;测定化合物1、5、12和16对中华蜂Apis cerana的急性经口毒性。【结果】化合物1、5、12和16处理小菜蛾24 h的LC50分别为0.26、0.95、0.33和1.10 mg·L~(-1),其中化合物1和12对小菜蛾的活性优于氟虫腈。化合物5、12和16对中华蜂的急性经口毒性比氟虫腈(0.05mg·L~(-1))低,但仍属于剧毒,LC50分别为0.21、0.22和0.09 mg·L~(-1)。构效关系表明,苯环的取代基对苯基吡唑类化合物的活性影响很大,当苯环邻位存在—Cl或—Br、对位为—Cl、—CF3或—OCF3时,化合物对小菜蛾表现出极好的活性。【结论】氟虫腈苯环取代基的替换可以提高对小菜蛾的生物活性、降低对中华蜂的毒性,研究结果对今后芳基吡唑类杀虫剂开发、结构优化具有一定的指导意义。     

蜜蜂白垩病的草药防治研究

以意大利蜜蜂和蜜蜂球囊菌为主要试验材料,通过记录外界温湿度、幼虫脾的温湿度、蜂群的储蜜量和储粉量以及发病幼虫数,研究养蜂生产中白垩病发病时上述指标的变化趋势,并进行了相关性分析;以桧木、喜久二醇、黄藤碱和蛇床四种中草药制剂以及蜜蜂球囊菌为主要的试验材料,研究实验室条件下这四种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌生长的抑制作用。结果显示:试验组内,外界湿度、幼虫脾温度、储蜜量与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;对照组内,外界湿度与发病幼虫数之间的相关性显著;在6.5%、5.0%、3.5%、2.0%和0.5%5个浓度的药剂溶液中,喜久二醇、黄藤碱、蛇床3种中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌没有抑制作用;而桧木在5.0%的溶液浓度上表现出一定的抑菌作用。结果表明,蜜蜂白垩病的发病与食物储蜜量、外界湿度和幼虫脾温度有关,而蜂群的食物储备量是导致白垩病发生的关键诱发因素;桧木中草药制剂对蜜蜂球囊菌的生长有一定的抑制作用。     

Cell death localization in situ in laboratory reared honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) larvae treated with pesticides

In this study, cell death detected by DNA fragmentation labeling and phosphatidylserine (PS) localization was investigated in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) midgut, salivary glands and ovaries after treating larvae with different pesticides offered via an artificial diet. To do this, honey bee larvae reared in an incubator were exposed to one of nine pesticides: chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, amitraz, fluvalinate, coumaphos, myclobutanil, chlorothalonil, glyphosate and simazine. Following this, larvae were fixed and prepared for immunohistologically detected cellular death using two TUNEL techniques for DNA fragmentation labeling and Annexin V to detect the localization of exposed PS specific in situ binding to apoptotic cells. Untreated larvae experienced ∼10% midgut apoptotic cell death under controlled conditions. All applied pesticides triggered an increase in apoptosis in treated compared to untreated larvae. The level of cell death in the midgut of simazine-treated larvae was highest at 77% mortality and statistically similar to the level of cell death for chlorpyrifos (65%), imidacloprid (61%), myclobutanil (69%), and glyphosate (69%) treated larvae. Larvae exposed to fluvalinate had the lowest midgut columnar apoptotic cell death (30%) of any pesticide-treated larvae. Indications of elevated apoptotic cell death in salivary glands and ovaries after pesticide application were detected. Annexin V localization, indicative of apoptotic cell deletion, had an extensive distribution in the midgut, salivary glands and ovaries of pesticide-treated larvae. The data suggest that the tested pesticides induced apoptosis in tissues of honey bee larvae at the tested concentrations. Cell death localization as a tool for a monitoring the subclinical and sub-lethal effects of external influences on honey bee larval tissues is discussed.     

Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania

Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate rapid spread. In Tasmania, where many non-native plants are naturalised, exotic honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have become established. We determined how these species affect the pollination of Lupinus arboreus, an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, which is rarely visited by native pollinators. The proportion of flowers setting seed and the number of ovules fertilised per flower were positively related to the visitation rates of both exotic bee species. There was no effect of bee visitation rates on the proportion of seeds aborted prior to maturity, possibly due to post-fertilisation environmental constraints. We conclude that the spread of B. terrestris may not alter the fecundity of L. arboreus because of the pollination service provided by A. mellifera, and discuss potential interactions between these two bee species.     

转Bt-cry1Ab玉米花粉对意大利蜜蜂生长发育及体内酶活性的影响

自10年前首次种植转基因植物以来,转基因作物已在全球得到大面积推广。这些转基因作物中绝大多数品种具有抗虫基因能够增强作物对靶标昆虫的抗性。同时转抗虫基因植物可能带来的生态安全和环境问题也引起了国际社会广泛的关注。鉴于此,本实验开展了转Bt-cry1Ab基因抗虫玉米花粉     

Impact of introduced honey bees on native pollination interactions of the endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) on Tenerife, Canary Islands

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of introduced honey bees (Apis mellifera) on native pollination interactions of Echium wildpretii ssp. wildpretii in the sub-alpine desert of Tenerife. We selected two study populations, one dominated by honey bees, while the other was visited by many native insects. During peak activity period of insects, nectar was nearly completely depleted in flowers of the first, but not the latter population. Thus, a high abundance of honey bees may have suppressed visitation by native animals due to exploitative competition. Honey bees stayed longer and visited more flowers on the same inflorescence than native bees, thus potentially promoting self-pollination of the plants. Level of seed set and viability was similar in the two study populations. However, we cannot rule out long-term changes in genetic population structure due to changes in gene-flow patterns caused by foraging behaviour of honey bees vs. native flower-visitors.     

尼日利亚非洲蜂的形态特征研究

测定本地意蜂（安徽肥东）、西非尼日利亚非洲蜂、本地意蜂与非洲蜂杂交第一代的蜂群工蜂吻长、右前翅长、右前翅宽、肘脉指数、第三背板宽度和第四背板宽度,并对测定的性状特征数据进行数学分析,结果表明,本地意蜂（安徽肥东）（A）、西非尼日利亚非洲蜂（B）、本地意蜂与非洲蜂杂交第一代的蜂群（C）的吻长、右前翅长、前翅面积、前翅肘脉a、第三节背板宽、第四节背板宽都存在极显著的差异,右前翅宽存在显著差异,而三者的前翅肘脉b以及翅脉指数差异不显著。这三种蜜蜂种群内遗传变异丰富,种群形态性状的多态性、多型性及其生态地理变异式样,具有生态适应意义。     

探究蜜蜂的发声器官

部分百科全书和常识认为蜜蜂声音是由翅膀振动发出的,湖北监利小学生聂利发现蜜蜂通过翅膀下方“小黑点”、而非扇动翅膀发出“嗡嗡”声。本实验组通过在蜂场现场观察、在实验室破坏蜜蜂“小黑点”、剪除蜜蜂翅膀及破坏蜜蜂“黑色无毛区”,发现蜜蜂扇动翅膀发出的是“唰唰”声,“小黑点”及振动翅膀与蜜蜂发出的“嗡嗡”声无关,而蜜蜂的“黑色无毛区”与其发出的“嗡嗡”声有关。     

产浆周期与王浆采收量变化的研究

以西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)生产的蜂王浆为研究对象,从24～72 h每隔4 h设置一个收获时长,共设置13个收获时长,采用1日龄幼虫进行蜂王浆生产.研究时长因子对蜂王浆产量的影响,分析不同收获时长蜂王浆样品的单台产量随采收时长改变而变化的情况.主要研究结果如下: (1)在相同的生产时长条件下.采取56、64、68 h这3种采收时长时,蜂王浆的单框产量与对照组(72 h生产时长收取蜂王浆的单框产量)比较没有显著的差异;其他9个生产时长分别与对照组比较均有显著差异. (2)单台产量随生产时长的增大呈不完全增加趋势.产量最低的是24 h的蜂王浆.单台产量为0.051 0 g;最高的是72 h的蜂王浆,为0.568 6 g.     

意大利蜜蜂对中华蜜蜂自然分蜂语言的解读

蜜蜂是多雄性社会昆虫.在分蜂过程中它们主要通过信息素和蜂舞进行交流.不同种的蜜蜂在长期的进化过程中已经形成了属于自己的一套语言系统.以同群饲养的意大利蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂为试验材料,观察在自然分蜂中意大利蜜蜂是否能解读并参与中华蜜蜂的自然分蜂.结果表明,意大利蜜蜂会参与中华蜜蜂的分蜂.说明意大利蜜蜂具有解读中华蜜蜂自然分蜂语言的能力.